Apnea behavior in early- and late-stage mouse models of Parkinson's disease: Cineradiographic analysis of spontaneous breathing, acute stress, and swallowing.

This study aimed to evaluate the timing and frequency of spontaneous apneas during breathing and swallowing by using cineradiography on mouse models of early/initial or late/advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). C57BL/6 J mice received either 6-OHDA or vehicle injections into their right striatum, followed by respiratory movement recordings during spontaneous breathing and swallowing, and a stress challenge, two weeks later. Experimental group animals showed a significantly lower respiratory rate (158.66 ± 32.88 breaths/minute in late PD, 173.16 ± 25.19 in early PD versus 185.27 ± 25.36 in controls; p<0.001) and a significantly higher frequency of apneas (median 1 apnea/minute in both groups versus 0 in controls; p<0.001). Other changes included reduced food intake and the absence of swallow apneas in experimental mice. 6-OHDA-induced nigrostriatal degeneration in mice disrupted respiratory control, swallowing, stress responsiveness, and feeding behaviors, potentially hindering airway protection and elevating the risk of aspiration.

Use of a Modelling Tool to Optimise the Organisation of the Demand for Primary Oral Health Care in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

PURPOSE: To describe the use of work process modelling to optimise the organisation of the demand for oral health treatment in primary care units in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The oral health care routine was at first described as the "AS IS" model, which was evaluated by the oral team professionals, rearranged, and further described as the "TO BE" model described using a business process management modelling tool. The significant increase in the demand of patients due to restrictions offered by the dental service in addition to non-urgent treatments being avoided by patients during COVID-19 pandemic was also considered. RESULTS: Structuring the work processes in a visual way using modelling tools was useful to picture the entire treatment process and adjust when needed. The use of the managerial tool was useful to understand and reorganise the workflow of organising the demand and ultimately improve the efficiency of the resources. The use of such managerial tools helped oral health professionals to efficiently rearrange their tasks and set priorities to meet their needs. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of management tools, each unit can readjust its structures and ways of working, aiming to improve the quality of public health care services provided to patients.

Anatomical, behavioural and physiological analyses of craniofacial development by cineradiographic imaging in marmosets.

BACKGROUND: Non-human primates are the closest animal models to humans regarding genetics, physiology and behaviour. Marmoset monkeys in particular are one of the most versatile species for biomedical research. OBJECTIVE: To assess the craniofacial growth and development of the masticatory function in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), from birth to the fourth month of life through minimally invasive cineradiographic imaging. METHODS: Ten individuals were followed-up from 0 to 4 months of age regarding craniofacial growth and masticatory function assessed by cineradiography. For the experimental procedure, we used a microfocal X-ray source apparatus and a beryllium fast-response image-intensifier. RESULTS: The duration of the masticatory cycles was stable across age groups. Chewing a very soft Castella cake or the slightly harder Marshmallow did not change the masticatory cycle in the time domain. On the other hand, linear and angular measurements of the jaw-opening movement showed a tendency for bigger movements at the latter stages of craniofacial growth. Qualitative analysis showed that marmosets had a small preference for Castella over Marshmallow, that they most often bit off pieces of food to chew with their posterior teeth, that they manipulated the food with their hands, and that they chewed the food continuously. CONCLUSION: We observed critical developmental events during the first 3 months of life in marmosets. Cineradiographic imaging in marmosets may provide valuable information on craniofacial form and function for basic and preclinical research models.

Age Differences in Naloxone Reversibility of Electroacupuncture on the Jaw Opening Reflex in Rats.

Background: Electroacupuncture is one of the most popular physical treatments for clinical pain, but the potential influence of a patient's age on the effectiveness of electroacupuncture treatment has not been clearly established. Objectives: The present study aimed to detect a potential difference in electroacupuncture- induced analgesia between juvenile and adult rats. Methods: In this study, we investigated the effects of electroacupuncture treatment on the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth-pulp stimulation in juvenile and adult rats. Results: Our results showed there were age differences in electroacupuncture-induced analgesic effects in rats, especially with naloxone antagonization. The ratio of naloxonereversibility against electroacupuncture analgesia was greater in adult rats than in juvenile rats. Conclusion: These results suggest that electroacupuncture analgesia is produced mainly by the non-opioid system in juvenile rats and by the opioid system in adult rats.

Study of the kinematic variables of unilateral and habitual mastication of healthy individuals. / Estudo das variáveis cinemáticas da mastigação unilateral e habitual de indivíduos saudáveis.

PURPOSE: To describe and compare the temporal-spatial kinematic variables of mandibular movement during deliberate unilateral and habitual mastication in healthy young-adult individuals. METHODS: The study sample was composed of eight male healthy volunteers aged 19 to 24 years. The kinematic data were obtained using a motion analysis system - Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) ProReflex MCU. Recordings were performed during deliberate unilateral mastication (UM) and habitual mastication (HM) of firm-consistency gummy candy. The following variables were analyzed: (1) masticatory sequence: duration, number of masticatory cycles, and chewing rate; (2) masticatory cycle: duration, vertical and medial-lateral mandibular range of motion in relation to the skull, and maximum velocity during the opening and closing phases. Data of the variables were compared during UM and HM by the paired t test, and the effect sizes ('d' Cohen) were calculated. RESULTS: Regarding the variables of the masticatory sequence, smaller chewing rate was observed for UM compared with that for HM (1.19±0.21Hz and 1.29±0.16Hz, respectively, p=0.004, d=0.53). Smaller values of maximum velocity during the opening (MU=67.4 mm/s and MH=80.02, p=0.053, d=0.80) and closing (MU=71.77±9.35mm/s and MH=3.51±7mm/s, p=0.014, d=0.79) phases of the masticatory cycle were observed in deliberate unilateral mastication compared with those in habitual mastication. CONCLUSION: Kinematic variables associated with the sequence and cycle of mastication are influenced by the chewing pattern adopted - deliberate unilateral or habitual.

Estudo das variáveis cinemáticas da mastigação unilateral e habitual de indivíduos saudáveis / Study of the kinematic variables of unilateral and habitual mastication of healthy individuals

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever e comparar as variáveis cinemáticas temporoespaciais do movimento mandibular durante a mastigação unilateral deliberada e habitual de indivíduos saudáveis. Método Participaram do estudo 8 voluntários saudáveis, do gênero masculino, com faixa etária entre 19 e 24 anos. Os dados cinemáticos foram obtidos através do sistema de análise de movimento Qualysis (QTM - Qualisys Track Manager). Foram realizados registros de mastigação unilateral direita (MU) e habitual (MH) de bala de goma de gelatina de consistência firme. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas à (1) sequência mastigatória (duração, número de ciclos e frequência mastigatória); (2) ciclo mastigatório: duração do ciclo mastigatório, amplitude de movimento mandibular vertical e médio-lateral durante o ciclo mastigatório, velocidade máxima durante as fases de abertura e fechamento. A comparação das variáveis durante a MU e MH foi realizada por meio do teste t pareado (p<0,05) e os tamanhos de efeito (‘d’ de Cohen) foram calculados. Resultados Em relação à sequência mastigatória, observou-se menor frequência mastigatória durante MU comparada à MH (1,19±0,21 e 1,29±0,16Hz, respectivamente, p=0,004, d=0,53) e menores velocidades máximas de abertura (MU=67,4 mm/s e MH=80,02; p=0,053; d=0,80) e fechamento (MU=71,77±9,35mm/s e MH=83,51±17 mm/s, p=0,014, d=0,79) do ciclo mastigatório. Conclusão As variáveis cinemáticas relacionadas à sequência e ao ciclo mastigatório foram influenciadas pelo padrão mastigatório adotado – unilateral ou habitual.

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe and compare the temporal-spatial kinematic variables of mandibular movement during deliberate unilateral and habitual mastication in healthy young-adult individuals. Methods The study sample was composed of eight male healthy volunteers aged 19 to 24 years. The kinematic data were obtained using a motion analysis system - Qualisys Track Manager (QTM) ProReflex MCU. Recordings were performed during deliberate unilateral mastication (UM) and habitual mastication (HM) of firm-consistency gummy candy. The following variables were analyzed: (1) masticatory sequence: duration, number of masticatory cycles, and chewing rate; (2) masticatory cycle: duration, vertical and medial-lateral mandibular range of motion in relation to the skull, and maximum velocity during the opening and closing phases. Data of the variables were compared during UM and HM by the paired t test, and the effect sizes ('d' Cohen) were calculated. Results Regarding the variables of the masticatory sequence, smaller chewing rate was observed for UM compared with that for HM (1.19±0.21Hz and 1.29±0.16Hz, respectively, p=0.004, d=0.53). Smaller values of maximum velocity during the opening (MU=67.4 mm/s and MH=80.02, p=0.053, d=0.80) and closing (MU=71.77±9.35mm/s and MH=3.51±7mm/s, p=0.014, d=0.79) phases of the masticatory cycle were observed in deliberate unilateral mastication compared with those in habitual mastication. Conclusion Kinematic variables associated with the sequence and cycle of mastication are influenced by the chewing pattern adopted - deliberate unilateral or habitual.

Experimentally induced masseter-pain changes masseter but not sternocleidomastoid muscle-related activity during mastication.

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of induced masseter-muscle pain on the amplitude of muscle activation, symmetry and coactivation of jaw- and neck-muscles during mastication. Twenty-eight male volunteers, mean age±SD 20.6±2.0years, participated in this study. Surface electromyography of the masseter and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles was performed bilaterally during mastication of a gummy candy before and after injections of monosodium glutamate solution and isotonic saline solution. As a result, we observed a decrease in the amplitude of activation of the masseter muscle on the working side (p=0.009; d=0.34) and a reduction in the asymmetry between the working and the balancing side during mastication (p=0.007; d=0.38). No changes were observed either on the craniocervical electromyographic variables. In conclusion, experimentally induced pain reduced the masseter muscle activation on the working side, thereby reducing the physiological masseters' recruitment asymmetry between the two sides during mastication. No effects on SCM activity were detected. These results may partly explain the initial maladaptative changes underlying TMD conditions.